The Role of Critical Thinking in Business Essays

The Role of Critical Thinking in Business Essays The Role of Critical Thinking in Business Essay The Role of Critical Thinking in Business Essay Essay Topic: Critical Thinking Management could have used critical thinking and adjust the personnel to fill in the position for the missing personnel to cover down on the events. Management ignored the requirement for the events and told his counterpart that they will have to cover down on the event, even though he fell short in analyzing the up-coming situation that required at least four personnel. Although his actions showed that, he did not care and blamed someone else for the shortness of personnel. If management had used reasoning and critical thinking, he could have covered down on the tuition to avoid the situation noticed of his ability to manage personnel. The use of critical thinking and analyzing the situation will give the individual better results to the outcome of any problem that arise. Definition Free will is the power to make choices freely without any constraints or compulsions. Free will is a voluntary decision and an independent choice. It is the capacity to respond in ways that oppose even the strongest influences (Ruggeri, 2012). People possess free will. This is the reason why peoples decisions are unpredictable. Free will helps a person form thoughts. No matter the pressure or force placed on a person, the person will act on his or her own free will when making decisions. Truth is the reality of the matter, as distinguished from what people wish so, believes to be son, or assert to be so (Ruggeri, 2012). Truth is a fact. It does not change, only our knowledge change. Forming thoughts based on truth discards any doubt and places the evidence on the subject. Knowledge is what understood and known to be true. Thoughts formed through knowledge obtained through experience, observation, and report from others. Opinions are %intensely personal (Ruggeri, 2012). It is a personal way to express ones judgment Thoughts formed through opinions are mostly personal perceptions of how they interpret or believe the idea is (Ruggeri, 2012). Hindrances The three hindrances to the critical think process are the mine-is-better hub resistance to change, and conformity. Mine-is-better habit is the habit that hinders thinking through preferring own ideas for no other reasons that the are yours. The concept of handling situations that arise will highlight this tag f mind set. This concept or idea slows down the thought process of the group from excelling. Management normally takes the easy way out, but waits for the situation to fail before he places the right person or adjust his mind set for the best results. Resistance Resistance to change is the tendency to reject new ideas and new way: of seeing or doing without examining them fairly. The normal reason why w reject change in my line of work is the older ways worked and produced go results. A good example is using computers to record and track information UT we try not to understand the process of how Microsoft applications Word to generate faster results. The denial of change slows down growth and progress of technology adapting to society advancements. The best way to overcome resistance is sit back and analyze the situation by using the decision-making process to achieve the best outcome. Conformity Conformity is thinking the way others from the group believe to avoid being different. This process destroys an individuals idea for a person trying to grow. You normally will see situation like this when it involves a superior ND the fear of looking mentally challenged around your leaders and peers. The best counter-act this situation is present facts or evidence that support: your comments. Advertising Messages Red bull drink advertisements, both on radio and in television, involve selling more than just the drink, but wings that enable a person to fly. It taps into TFH human psyche and tries to sell the drink linking it to a higher power, masculinity and energy. Red bull advertisement usually tries to appeal to HTH other senses.

buy custom Social Night Program for Working Students essay

buy custom Social Night Program for Working Students essay We are a non-profit organization committed to assisting individuals develop their social life and promoting social wellness by conducting social programs for different groups of people. We believe that a person is not fully developed if his/her social life is unhealthy. Corresponding to this, we are conducting a social night program for the working students of this school. Working students deserve a balance social life as much as the other students. With this program, we are opening an opportunity for them to enhance their social life and achieve social wellness.Many organizations, even individuals, neglect the importance of social wellness. More often than not, they focus more on the other needs, particularly the economical and physical needs, and unintentionally neglect the social needs. Due to this, we endeavor to provide ways to improve the social being of the working students. This three-hour social program is specially designed to enhance their social life. At the same time, th is will also be a form of relaxation or rest from work and study for them.Background of the StudyAs it was said in the article Seven Dimensionsof Wellness, Wellness is much more than merely physical health, exercise or nutrition. Just as a person has to improve his physical, mental, and spiritual life, he/she needs to grow socially as well. According to Hoeger (2011, p. 15), social wellness involves a concern for oneself and also an interest in humanity and the environment as a whole. The National Wellness Institute 2007 says that social wellness includes: living in harmony with other people and your environment; preserving nature;recognizing the impact you have on your environment;developing friendships;improving personal relationships;living in harmony instead of conflict;thinking of others;contributing to your community (Gorrow, 2008, p. 53).Therefore, it is important that we socialize because socialization makes it possible for us to fully function as human beings (Barkan). In adherence to this, the team endeavors to support the social life of the working students through the proposed social night program.ObjectivesThe primary purpose of this program is to enhance the social life of the working students. Specifically this program endeavors to:create awareness regarding social wellnessoffer quality time for socializationprovide a different activity to discourage tediousnesssustain the social need of the working studentsAt the end of the program, the participants are expected to:be more acquainted with other students and co-workersincrease their circle of friendsTarget PopulationThe social inadequacy of the working students is mainly attributable to time deficiency and also to other factors including personality differences. The programs aim is to assist them in reducing these factors that prevent them from enhancing their social life. That is why they are chosen as subject of this social program. Specifically, the working students are chosen as the target population for this program due to these reasons:Their time for enhancing their social life is limited compared to the other students.More likely, they would not attend social programs because they will prioritize their work and studies.Their enjoyment of the student life is different from other students since they are more focused on their work and study.Benefits of the ProgramThis program will be beneficial to the working students because it can:encourage sociability to one another;give each working student a time for relaxation and socialization and, what is more, a time for rest from work and study;encourage tea m building which will help the participants to have a healthier social life;convey to the students an atmosphere of belongingness and companionship so that they wont feel isolated and moreover, they will help each other.The Cost or Budget JustificationThe table below shows the estimated cost the project will need in its operation. Item Description Cost (in USD) Food 150 Give aways 20 Supplies 10 Venue Miscellaneous 20 Total 200 Methods The project team will adopt strategies that will ensure behavioral and attitudinal changes among the target audience.AnnouncementThe program will be announced at least one week before the date to make sure every working student will save the date for the said event.InformationA ten-minute lecture on social wellness will be rendered at the beginning of the program to secure the participants knowledge about it.MotivationThe participants and attendees will be given gifts and giveaways for their attendance and participation.Program properThe program proper will include acquaintance activities, social and team-building games, intermission numbers. The last part would be the informal dining.Evaluative CriteriaTo accomplish the objectives, the working students should attend the program and participate in every activity. A ten-minute lecture on the importance of having a healthy social life will provide the students awareness to maintain social wellness. They will be taught that they should give importance to their social life as much as they give importance to their work and their studies.The evaluation of the project will be carried out in two levels:Behavioral levelThis level will determine whether or not the students applied their knowledge of the importance of having a healthy social life through a more lively behavior.Results levelThis level measures the long-term outcomes of the project. Students will have a more enhanced social life by having more friends.ConclusionEmpowering the social life of the working students through social programs and interactions will help them grow socially. Moreover, the empowerment of people and the programs that encourage group participation aids in the emergence of the essence for change in the individual. People empowerment is a process that helps the students to discover their actual social situation and determine their social needs and priorities that are the constituents of the social wellness. Buy custom Social Night Program for Working Students essay

Marketing Strategy, SOUTHWEST AIRLINE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Marketing Strategy, SOUTHWEST AIRLINE - Essay Example Due to this the competition has become rigorous as the airlines are forced to cut down cost and jobs and fill the seats. Southwest is a low cost carrier which has always offered low fair deals to its passengers. In the case too it is offering lower rates and deals. These new rates though are not for all the destinations and flights, they are only specific to certain locations and restrictions are applied. Then there are other deals offered by hotels like Sheraton, they are offering discounts on early bookings along with Southwest. All these are as a result of the recession, competition and off season in the airline industry. Southwest is using sales promotion as a marketing strategy to overcome the crisis of reduced sales. This is just one way it can counter the problem. The company can respond to such financial crisis through liquidation, taking government subsidies, improving the efficiency and by forming alliances with other carriers. These are some of the strategies that are used by various airlines. The key problem these airlines are facing is the high cost and low sales. The key issue is the rising cost of the company which has lead to reduction in sales due to which marketing strategies are to be applied. Since it is an oligopolistic market structure hence other key players are going to follow the strategy too. One of the ke Problem statement One of the key problems that the company is facing at the time is the low sales. The company has come up with various tactics and one of them is the sales promotion in order to attract passengers. The passengers will get the same service at lower rates but fewer destinations and conditions apply. Alternate solutions There are other ways of marketing too. Southwest can make an ad campaign which shows that the airline is offering lower rates at times of recession too which shows that they are concerned. This will leave a positive impact in the eyes of the customer and intact the customer loyalty. The company can close its less productive routes because at this time the aim is to reduce cost and offer lower rates to the customers. This will save costs and that can be passed on to the passenger in the form of sales promotion. The company can come up with different promotional deals which can be advertised on the internet or the television. This will be costly but will create awareness among the customers. ' ' ' Selected Solution They should close down their unprofitable routes and focus on the ones which can generate high profits for them. This is very important because fuel price are already fluctuating and cost minimization should be the top most priority. Expected results It will save costs; moreover the employees need to understand the situation so that they do not bargain on wages or any other matter. The entire firm will have to work together and bring down the cost. Once the cost is saved then that advantage can be passed on to the customer through marketing efforts and spending that on low fares and more advertising. Negative results The passengers who travel through that route would face problems now since that service would be closed now. This will leave dissatisfied customers. However, there could be one way which is that the company doesn't completely close down the service but make it less like once a week instead of three so that customers do not find it inconvenient.

Anna Pavlova Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Anna Pavlova - Research Paper Example On graduation, she began to perform at the Maryinksy Theatre, debuting on September 19, 1899. 1In early 20th century, Pavlova was a transnational celebrity. She had her first tour to Moscow in 1907 and by 1910; she made an appearance at the Metropolitan Opera House in America. In 1912, she settled in England. Her ties to Russia were broken in 1914 when she was travelling through Germany to Russia, when Germany declared war on Russia. Based in London, she toured the world with the help of her manager, Victor Dandre who may have been her husband. She kept her private life highly confidential. Her final tour was between 1928-29 and her final performance in England took place in 19302. It is not what she did that brought her to the limelight, it is how she did it that made her phenomenal. She expressed her thoughts through dance, which was complemented by her remarkable body that added flavor to her dance. She played a big role as the pioneer of dance theatre and that role has helped shape what modern ballet is. She was almost entirely committed to the classic style based on ballet tradition. Her fame was mostly credited to her wittiness, frailness, daintiness and lightness. She enabled the world realize the influence of dance in society. Driven by the desire to achieve recognition for her talent, she was able to influence her community. She became a spokesman for her art, attracting audiences to her and to ballet. Her willingness to perform across the globe popularized ballet and helped shape what it is today. Her tours established ballet as a highly popular art that brings people together. Her stage performances were exceptional. She made unique entrances and exits on stage such that no one could predict where she was emerging from or where she would disappear to. She was an embodiment of choreography. Her image left the audience wanting more and her art in dancing remained a mystery. She

Case Study Fast Fashion Essay Example for Free

Case Study Fast Fashion Essay After two decades of fast fashion popularity, retailers and consumers have come to realize one of its biggest issues, its impact on the environment. Can fast fashion and sustainability work together? Step 2 The affordability of Fast Fashion is one of the main reasons for its high demand. Lack of authenticity or Intellectual Property. Fast Fashion has forced retailers to desire low cost and flexibility in design. Lack of quality in production Rapid production prevents consumers to get an idea of what’s to expect. (Forecasting) Excess of production. Wastes of these products from the retailers and consumer harm the environment. Reveals what is exposed in runways and fashion shows ahead of time. Fast fashion exploits the young consumer by incentivizing impulse behavior. Consumers are getting used to buying more frequent. Due to such rapid turnover, there’s a lack of exclusivity. Step 3 1. Higher quality, lower quantity. Pros Better option for repair: The customer will rather repair a good quality garment than can last than an inexpensive low quality one. Customer satisfaction: Consumers will be happier with a better value product. Long life: Products that are of better quality will definitely last longer so the consumer wont be forced to dispose. For the retailer, there is a great possibility they may attract a variety of new consumers that do appreciate superior quality. As a result of lower quantity, garments will stand out by look fresher and spacious on the sales floor. Cons Retailers may suffer fewer sales. There is a possibility they may lose some of their usual customers. Fewer options, now that there is a lower quantity. Higher quality means it wont be as affordable for the consumer as it used to be. Companies may have to reinvent themselves and state the fact that they are now enhancing the quality of their products. Consumer will be unwilling to compromise on price. 2. Personalization of Clothing Pros Consumer will be satisfied with having a say in the creation of its particular product. This idea will attract and motivate many more consumers. It’s innovative and fun for the consumer. The design will be personalized and the consumer will want to keep. Cons May require more shopping time for the consumer Products may not be as inexpensive now that the retailer will cater to every individuals needs. Consumers of fast fashion may be disappointed that there will now be less variety. Consumers may not adapt to this idea and reject it. 2. No more wasting, get compensated! Recycle and Reuse. The system involves customers bringing all the used items back to the stores and getting compensated with either a discount or a minimal refund. This is to incentive the customer to care more instead of wasting and harming the eco-system. Pros Companies will be take back used garments and send them off to countries in need. Companies will be able to reuse and reproduce them. Customer’s ability to help other in need is facilitated by the companies they have purchased from. Customers get an incentive to bring items back after knowing they also get a discount/store credit/ refund.

Perceptions of Mental Illness Essay -- Biology Essays Research Papers

Perceptions of Mental Illness Throughout this course, much of what we have discussed has depended strongly on an interpretation of scientific information. We have questioned, criticized, accepted, rejected, and formed our own ideas about topics in neural and behavioral science. A book which I have read recently seems to fit in with this type of discussion. Blaming the Brain, by Eliot Valenstein, describes the major biological theories of mental illness and the lack of evidence we have to fully support them. What Valenstein argues is that we have come to a point where we accept all mental illness as purely biological in origin, and have discarded older ideas about social and psychological effects, rather then attempting to see how these two different types of explanations fit together. While some may argue that this shift has helped to significantly de-stigmatize mental illness, it also has caused a neglect of important factors which must play a role in these disorders. In 1999, in a report by the Surgeon General, it was stated that research into the biology of the brain is "a potent antidote to stigma," but it was also emphasized that psychotherapy not be forgotten as it sometimes plays a large role in recovery. Finding middle ground: Although we do not know all there is to know about disorders of the nervous system, I believe that it is very plausible that mental illness is mostly the result of disturbances in the nervous system. Although in extreme situtions, some claim things like, "it reduces a complex human activity to a slice of damaged brain tissue" (4). I wouldn't go this far to assume that this is all there is to it, although I also don't believe that all mental illnesses can fit into the same box. While s... ... fallacies of no-fault addiction http://infotrac.galegroup.com/itweb/brynmawr_main?http_rc=400&class=session&sev=temp&type=session&cause=http%3A%2F%2Fweb7.infotrac.galegroup.com%2Fitw%2Finfomark%2F672%2F823%2F36248906w3%2Fpurl%3Drc1_EAIM_0_A53551866%26dyn%3D3!xrn_5_0_A53551866%3Fsw_aep%3Dbrynmawr_main&cont=&msg=No+Session+cookies&sserv=no 5)Schizophrenia http://infotrac.galegroup.com/itweb/brynmawr_main?http_rc=400&class=session&sev=temp&type=session&cause=http%3A%2F%2Fweb7.infotrac.galegroup.com%2Fitw%2Finfomark%2F672%2F823%2F36248906w3%2Fpurl%3Drc1_EAIM_0_A53551866%26dyn%3D3!xrn_5_0_A53551866%3Fsw_aep%3Dbrynmawr_main&cont=&msg=No+Session+cookies&sserv=no 6) Scientists Call for End to Neurology-Psychiatry `Divide' http://mentalhealth.about.com/?once=true&rnk=r7&terms=neuroscience Valenstein, Eliot. (1998). Blaming the Brain. New York: The Free Press

Consumer negotiation Essay

Introduction Negotiations have a significant impact on the savings of a customer during the business relationship. The authors of this article assume that the transfer price lies between the manufactures production costs and the maximum retail price and that the negotiations occur in an incomplete and the producer is not sure on the consumer price. Every negotiator has the ability to convince the other that the surplus is smaller than it real is. The article also uses the game-theoretic model (Perry & Grossman 1986)  Ã‚   to predict the outcomes and behavior in a negotiation scenario.   In both experiments described by this article fail to describe the bargaining outcomes and behaviors since the players took too much time to agree.   The authors conclude that the negotiation mechanisms depend on the economic characteristics of the negotiation situation and that social and individual contexts influence the outcome of the consumer negotiation. References Bazerman, M. H. (2001). Consumer research for consumers.  Journal of Consumer Research,  27(4), 499-504.

Conventional Morality Essay

Lawrence Kohlberg: â€Å"Physical consequences of an action determine its goodness or badness regardless of the human meaning or value of these consequences. Avoidance of punishment and unquestioning deference to power are valued in their own right, not in terms of respect for an underlying moral order supported by punishment and authority. † (Duska, R. and Whelan, M. , 1975) Summary: The concern is for self – â€Å"Will I get into trouble for doing (or not doing) it? † Good behaviour is associated with avoiding punishment. Inadequacy of Stage 1 reasoning: Avoidance of punishment regardless of the ethical value of the actions is unhealthy especially under â€Å"bad† authorities such as Adolf Hitler. * Stage 2: Instrumental Relativist Orientation Lawrence Kohlberg: Right action is â€Å"that which instrumentally satisfies one’s own needs and occasionally the needs of others. † â€Å"Human relations are viewed in terms like those of the marketplace; elements of fairness, reciprocity and equal sharing are present, but they are always interpreted in a physical or pragmatic way. Reciprocity is a matter of ‘you scratch my back and I’ll scratch yours,’ not of loyalty, gratitude or justice. † (Duska, R. and Whelan, M. , 1975) Summary: The concern is â€Å"What’s in it for me? † It is still egocentric in outlook but with a growing ability to see things from another person’s perspective. Action is judged right if it helps in satisfying one’s needs or involves a fair exchange. Inadequacy of Stage 2 reasoning: Where the needs of different individuals conflict, can there ever be a fair exchange? Doesn’t this conflict call for sacrifice from one of the parties? Level 2 – Conventional Morality People at this stage conform to the conventions / rules of a society. * Stage 3: Good Boy-Nice Girl Orientation Lawrence Kohlberg: â€Å"Good behavior is that which pleases or helps others and is approved by them. There is much conformity to stereotypical images of what is majority or ‘natural’ behaviour. Behavior is frequently judged by intention. ‘He means well’ becomes important for the first time. One earns approval by being ‘nice. ‘† (Duska, R. and Whelan, M. , 1975) Summary: The concern is â€Å"What will people think of me? † and the desire is for group approval. Right action is one that would please or impress others. This often involves self-sacrifice but it provides the psychological pleasure of ‘approval of others. ‘ Actions are also judged in relation to their intention. Inadequacy of Stage 3 reasoning: * Same person, different roles OR Different groups, different expectations * Different people, different roles * People not living up to their duties or roles * Stage 4: Law and Order Orientation Lawrence Kohlberg: â€Å"Right behavior consists in doing one’s duty, showing respect for authority and maintaining the given social order for its own sake. † A person in this stage â€Å"orients to society as a system of fixed rule, law and authority with the prospect of any deviation from rules as leading to social chaos. † (Duska, R. and Whelan, M. , 1975) Summary: The concern now goes beyond one’s immediate group(s) to the larger society †¦ to the maintenance of law and order. One’s obligation to the law overrides one’s obligations of loyalty to one’s family, friends and groups. To put it simply, no one or group is above the law. Inadequacy of Stage 4 reasoning: * Unquestioning obedience toward authority is unhealthy. * Accepted social order may not be the best possible order. The laws of society may even be bad. Level 3 – POSTConventional Morality The moral principles that underline the conventions of a society in this level are understood. * Stage 5: Social Contract Orientation Lawrence Kohlberg: â€Å"Generally with utilitarian overtones. Right action tends to be defined in terms of general individual rights and in terms of standards which have been critically examined and agreed upon by the whole society †¦ with an emphasis upon the possibility of changing law in terms of rational consideration of social utility (rather than rigidly maintaining it in terms of Stage 4 law and order). † (Duska, R. and Whelan, M. , 1975) Summary: The concern is social utility or public interest. While rules are needed to maintain social order, they should not be blindly obeyed but should be set up (even changed) by social contract for the greater good of society. Right action is one that protects the rights of the individual according to rules agreed upon by the whole society. Inadequacy of Stage 5 reasoning: How do we arrive at a consensus on the rules that are good for society? Should a majority group impose their preferences on a minority group? What if you disagree with the decision of the majority? * Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principle Orientation Lawrence Kohlberg: â€Å"Right is defined by the decision of conscience in accord with self-chosen ethical principles appealing to logical comprehensiveness, universality and consistency. These principles are abstract and ethical (the golden rule, the categorical imperative) and are not concrete moral rules like the Ten Commandments. At heart, these are universal principles of justice, of the reciprocity and equality of human rights, and of respect for the dignity of human beings as individual persons. † (Duska, R. and Whelan, M. , 1975) Summary: The concern is for moral principles †¦ an action is judged right if it is consistent with self-chosen ethical principles. These principles are not concrete moral rules but are universal principles of justice, reciprocity, equality and human dignity. Inadequacy of Stage 6 reasoning: Our conscience is not an infallible guide to behaviour because it works according to the principles we have adopted. Moreover, who or what determines these universal principles? Although moral reasoning does not necessarily lead to moral action, the latter is based in part on one’s capacity to reason about moral choices. Kohlberg was more concerned with the reasoning of the action than the action itself. And that reasoning when acted upon becomes our motivation. II – ETHICAL RELATIVISM * Cultural Relativism (sociological relativism): The descriptive view that different groups of people have different moral standards for evaluating acts as right or wrong. A. Hence, it is not an ethical doctrine–it’s a sociological or observational conclusion–even so; the view is somewhat ambiguous. B. For example, different groups might have the same basic moral principle, but apply the principle in radically different situations. 1. A second sense of cultural relativism is less obvious. I. e. , that different cultures differ on basic moral principles. 2. A possible reason for the observation of cultural relativism is shown by the example of basic moral principles which could be said to support different moral rules according to the interpretations of different cultures. In the following diagrams, there are two vastly different interpretations listed for each moral principle. * Ethical Relativism: the prescriptive view that (1) different groups of people ought to have different ethical standards for evaluating acts as right or wrong, (2) these different beliefs are true in their respective societies, and (3) these different beliefs are not instances of a basic moral principle. A. The ethical relativist often derives support for his position by two basic mistakes: 1. The relativist confuses cultural (or sociological) relativism with ethical relativism, but cultural relativism is a descriptive view and ethical relativism is a prescriptive view. (E. g. , cultural relativismdescribes the way the way people actually behave, and ethical relativism prescribes the way people ought to behave. 2. The ethical relativist often argues as follows: â€Å"An absolute ethical standard has never been proved beyond doubt in the history of thought. Thus, an absolute ethical standard does not exist. † This argument is an instance ad ignorantiam fallacy. p is unproved; not-p is true. From the fact that a statement has not been proved, we can logically draw no conclusion. B. Objections to ethical relativism. 1. The Differing Ideals Objection (or, as it is sometimes called, the linguistic objection): it is inconsistent to say that the same practice is considered right in one society and considered wrong in another. (If â€Å"right† and â€Å"wrong† are to have consistent meaning, then the terms must be used in the same manner. ) Possible counter-objections (by the ethical relativist): a. The relativist sometimes states that â€Å"right† and â€Å"wrong† have no consistent meaning. These words reflect only emotion or perhaps the ceremonial use of language. In other words, this defense shades into ethical subjectivism. Counter-counter-objection (by ethical absolutist): The problem with believing that â€Å"right† and â€Å"wrong† have no consistent meaning is the ordinary use of words in this case results in meaninglessness. What would happen if people used the same word in different situations to refer to different things? Communication would not take place. b. Some ethical relativists believe ethical words are reducible to non-ethical values; e. g. , these words have to do with recommendations for survival or well-being. Counter-counter-objection (by ethical absolutist): the problem here is just the difficulty of understanding the nature of a non-ethical value. Would a non-ethical value be an aesthetic value? c. Some relativists believe we can justify relativism by intuition, revelation, authority, etc. Counter-counter-objection (by ethical absolutist): these attempts are subjectively based; they differ from time to time and place to place. 2. Mental Health Objection to ethical relativism (from the definition or criterion of a group): If â€Å"what is right in one group is wrong in another,† where exactly does one group end and another begin? Counter-objections to the Mental Health Objection (by the relativist): * Right and wrong are to be determined in the situation. * Right and wrong are to be determined by what the majority determine at the time and place. * Right and wrong are ultimately established by power or authority. 3. Ad Populum Objection to the relativist’s belief that ethics is established by what most people believe: Simply because most people think something is right does not thereby make it right. Simply because most people think a statement is true does notmake that statement true Counter-objections to the ad populum objection (by the relativist): a. The same difficulty of establishing the meaning of â€Å"right† and â€Å"wrong† exits for the absolutist, pari passu. The absolutist has been unable to state a universally agreed upon meaning to the terms. (Notice that this response is a variant of the ad hominem—tu quoque.) b. Other solutions to the questions of the meaning of key ethical terms according to the relativist are possible by appealing to survival value, consensus gentium, and so on 4. Moral Progress Objection: If ethical relativism were correct, there could be no such thing as moral improvement or purpose in cultures or a person’s life. To have improvement, we must have a standard by which to judge the difference in moral values. Counter-objections (by the relativist): a. That’s correct–we can make no such judgment that one society is better than another. We could only judge by our own values. b. If something like â€Å"survival value† is used to ground moral beliefs, then moral improvement might be identified with â€Å"increased knowledge concerning survival of the society. † * Ethical Absolutism: the prescriptive view that there are basic or fundamental ethical principles which are true without qualification or exception as to time, condition, or circumstance. * Ethical Nihilism: the view that ethical terms such as â€Å"right† and â€Å"wrong† have no meaning or are nonsense. A. Objection: but something is meant when we say, â€Å"X is wrong. † Counter-objections (by the nihilist): 1. If there is no empirical meaning to the terms, they have no â€Å"cash value. † (Q. v. , positivism. ) 2. â€Å"Whatever can be said, can be said clearly. † The burden of proof that the terms have meaning is on the non-nihilist. * Ethical Skepticism: the view that ethical terms such as â€Å"right† and â€Å"wrong† might have meaning but their meaning cannot be established. A. Objection to skepticism at this point is methodological. Ethical skepticism should not be held a priori at the beginning of an investigation but should only be a possible outcome after a thorough study.

Looking back looking forward essays

Looking back looking forward essays The policies, acts and legislations aimed at inclusion or exclusion of First Nations have had an enormous impact on the development of Fist Nation organizations in Canada. The fact that the process of colonization and nation building did not included consultation with or respect for the culture, tradition, sovereign or organizations of First Nations drove this oppressed group to form political and non-political lobbying organizations. Prior to the arrival of European new comers, First Nations people had organized societies. These societies had law, tradition, culture, leadership and religion. Their concept of sovereignty was intangible, an inherent feeling of reverence of land, the mother from which life came and that that land should be preserved for future generations, as it had been since time immemorial. First Nations believe that they live with the land, not simply on it. The Federal Government and Aboriginal peoples understand the definition of Sovereignty differently, each t aking the understanding from two different directions. However, the most crucial issue in this paper is the treatment and understanding of the policies, acts and legislations that affects the plight of aboriginal peoples of Canada. Through this essay it is hoped an understanding of how the policies and treatment of these people lead to the desire for self-government and self-determination and development of Aboriginal political organizations. Comparison of settlements of government and aboriginal peoples across the country it might be better understood why certain policies, acts and treaties caused certain movements with in aboriginal regions and territories. The stages of growth of both government and aboriginal societies and nations took many turns with events of government attempting to assimilate these people into a European culture. Indian agents were introduced to the aboriginal communities in the early 1800s. Their mandate was to live in a...

Nudibranch Facts

Nudibranch Facts Enchanting to both divers and scientists, colorful nudibranchs (pronounced nooda-bronk and including Nudibranchia, suborders Aeolidida and Doridacea) inhabit the sea floors of oceans all over the world. The unattractively named sea slug comes in a fantastic array of shapes and neon-bright colors that they themselves cannot see. Fast Facts: Nudibranchs (Sea Slugs) Scientific Name: Nudibranchia, suborders Aeolidida and DoridaceaCommon Name: Sea slugBasic Animal Group: InvertebrateSize: Microscopic to 1.5 feet longWeight: Up to just over 3 poundsLifespan: A few weeks to a year  Diet:  CarnivoreHabitat: On seafloors all over the world, between 30 and 6,500 feet below the water surfacePopulation: UnknownConservation Status: Not Evaluated Description Nudibranchs are mollusks in the class Gastropoda, which includes snails, slugs, limpets, and sea hairs. Many gastropods have a shell. Nudibranchs have a shell in their larval stage, but it disappears in the adult form. Gastropods also have a foot and all young gastropods undergo a process called ​​torsion in their larval stage. In this process, the entire top of their body twists 180 degrees on their foot. This results in the placement of the gills and anus above the head, and adults that are asymmetrical in form. The word nudibranch comes from the Latin word nudus (naked) and Greek brankhia (gills), in reference to the gills or gill-like appendages which protrude from the backs of many nudibranchs. They also may have tentacles on their heads that help them smell, taste, and get around. A pair of tentacles called rhinophores on the nudibranchs head have scent receptors that allow the nudibranch to smell its food or other nudibranchs. Because the rhinophores stick out and can be a target for hungry fish, most nudibranchs have the ability to withdraw the rhinophores and hide them in a pocket in their skin if the nudibranch senses danger. Amin Benhameurlaine  / Getty Images Species There are over 3,000 species of nudibranchs, and new species are still being discovered. They range in size from microscopic to over a foot and a half long  and can weigh up to just over 3 pounds. If youve seen one nudibranch, you havent seen them all. They come in an astonishingly wide variety of colors and shapes- many have brightly colored stripes or spots and flamboyant appendages on their head and back. Some species are transparent and/or bio-luminescent, like the Phylliroe. Nudibranchs thrive in an enormous variety of underwater environments, from shallow, temperate, and tropic reefs to Antarctica and even hydrothermal vents. cbpix/Getty Images Suborders Two main suborders of nudibranchs are dorid nudibranchs (Doridacea) and aeolid nudibranchs (Aeolidida). Dorid nudibranchs, like the Limacia cockerelli, breathe through gills that are on their posterior (back) end. Aeolid nudibranchs have cerata  or finger-like appendages that cover their back. The cerata can be a variety of shapes- thread-like, club-shaped, clustered, or branched. They have multiple functions, including breathing, digestion, and defense. Habitat and Distribution Nudibranchs are found in all the worlds oceans, from cold water to warm water. You might find nudibranchs in your local tide pool, while snorkeling or diving on a tropical coral reef, or even in some of the coldest parts of the ocean or in thermal vents. They live on or near the sea floor and have been identified at depths between 30 and 6,500 feet below the ocean surface. Diet Most Nudibranchs eat using a radula, a toothed structure that they use to scrape off prey from the rocks they cling to; some suck out the prey after predigesting its tissue with selected enzymes, rather like a wasp. They are carnivorous, so that prey includes sponges, coral, anemones, hydroids, barnacles, fish eggs, sea slugs, and other nudibranchs. Nudibranchs are picky eaters- individual species or families of nudibranchs may eat only one kind of prey. Nudibranchs get their bright colors from the food they eat. These colors may be used for camouflage or to warn predators of the poison that lies within. The Spanish shawl nudibranch (Flabellina iodinea) feeds on a species of hydroid called Eudendrium ramosum, which possesses a pigment called astaxanthin that gives the nudibranch its brilliant purple, orange, and red coloration. Some nudibranchs, like the Blue Dragon, create their own food by eating coral with algae. The nudibranch absorbs the algaes chloroplasts (zooxanthellae) into the cerata, which acquire nutrients by photosynthesis using the sun to sustain the nudibranch for months. Others have evolved other ways of farming zooxanthellae, housing them in their digestive gland. Behavior The sea slugs can see light and dark, but not their own brilliant coloration, so the colors are not intended to attract mates. With their limited vision, their sense of the world is obtained through their rhinophores (on top of the head) and oral tentacles (near the mouth). Not all nudibranchs are colorful; some use defensive camouflage to match the vegetation and hide, some can change their colors to fit, some hide their bright colors only to bring them out to warn off predators. Nudibranchs move on a flat, broad muscle called a foot, which leaves a slimy trail. While most are found on the ocean floor, some can swim short distances in the water column by flexing their muscles. Some even swim upside down. Aeolid nudibranchs can use their cerata for defense. Some of their prey such as Portuguese man-of-wars have a specialized cell in their tentacles called nematocysts that contain a barbed or venomous coiled thread. Nudibranchs eat the nematocysts and store them in the nudibranchs cerata where they can be used late to sting predators. Dorid nudibranchs make their own toxins or absorb toxins them from their food and release those into the water when needed. Despite the unsavory or toxic taste they can present to their non-human predators, most nudibranchs are harmless to humans, except those like Glaucus atlanticus which consumes nematocytes and so may consider you a predator and sting. Reproduction and Offspring Nudibranchs are hermaphrodites, meaning that they have reproductive organs of both sexes. Because they cant move too far, too fast and are solitary in nature, its important for them to be able to reproduce if the situation presents itself. Having both sexes means that they can mate with any adult that happens to pass by. Nudibranchs lay masses of spiral-shaped or coiled eggs, which are for the most part left on their own. The eggs hatch into free-swimming larvae which eventually settle onto the ocean bottom as adults. Only one species of nudibranch, the Pteraeolidia ianthina, exhibits parental care by guarding the newly-laid egg masses. Nudibranchs and Humans Scientists study nudibranchs because of their complex chemical makeup and adaptations. They have rare or novel chemical compounds which possess anti-microbial and anti-parasitic traits which may aid in the fight against cancer.   Studies of nudibranch DNA also offer assistance in tracking ocean conditions relative to climate change. Threats These beautiful animals dont live very long; some live up to a year, but some only for a few weeks. The global population of nudibranchs is currently unassessed- researchers are still discovering new ones each year- but field observations such as that conducted by Endangered Species International suggest that many species are becoming rare, due to water pollution, degradation, habitat loss, and biodiversity decline associated with global warming.   Sources Bertsch, Hans. Nudibranchs: Sea Slugs With Verve. The Slug Site, 2004.Cheney, Karen L. and Nerida G. Wilson. Quick Guide: Nudibranchs. Current Biology Magazine 28.R4–R5, January 8, 2018.Epstein, Hannah E, et al. Reading between the Lines: Revealing Cryptic Species Diversity and Colour Patterns in Hypselodoris Nudibranchs (Mollusca: Heterobranchia: Chromodorididae).  Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society.zly048 (2018).King, Rachael. Is It a Worm? A Snail? No...Its a Nudibranch!. Southeast Regional Taxonomic Center, Marine Resources Research Institute, South Carolina Department of Natural Resources.Knowlton, Nancy. Citizens of the Sea: Wondrous Creatures From the Census of Marine Life. Washington, DC: National Geographic Society, 2010.Lewis, Ricki. Celebrating National Sea Slug Day. PLOS Blogs: Diverse Perspectives on Science and Medicine, November 1, 2018.Nudibranchs and other sea slugs. New Heaven Reef Conservation Program, 2016.

Developing a support system to improve quality of life for erectile Research Paper

Developing a support system to improve quality of life for erectile dysfunction in prostatectomy - Research Paper Example The researcher states that one of the most inevitable aspects of the human life span is aging. What makes aging a great issue within the health community is that it brings with it numerous degenerative diseases and conditions. Some of these degenerative diseases include osteoarthritis, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer’s disease, atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, Huntington’s disease, heart diseases and numerous others. Sometimes, some degenerative diseases or conditions affect one gender more than the other. For example, females have to deal with menopause and all the complications such changes in the body bring about For males, one of the conditions most have to face is erectile dysfunction. Erectile dysfunction (ED) involves the inability to maintain, or even achieve, an erection that is adequate for satisfactory sexual intercourse. Although some temporary cases of erectile dysfunction have been documented in males, these can be attributed to factor s other than the degeneration of the human body. What is clinically relevant for healthcare providers as well as researchers is erectile dysfunction that involves a consistent failure to achieve and/or maintain erection which affects around half of all attempts at sexual intercourse. It is a common problem affecting men and thus impacting on the quality of life and their partners. This result into fear, loss of self esteem (self image), self confidence and depression. It has been estimated to affect more than 150 million men with only 20% of men seeking medical attention. (Aversa et al, 2004). In USA it affects between 20 to 30 million with risks of development being high with increasing age (Hellstrom et al, 2002). Numerous reasons have been provided for erectile dysfunction, including both psychological and physical factors. Psychological causes may involve stress, depression, relationship changes, low self-esteem, fatigue, performance anxiety, and numerous others (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2006). Although psychological causes are sometimes more common in temporary cases of erectile dysfunction, these factors can aggravate the dysfunction brought about by physical causes, especially among older males. On the other hand, physical reasons for erectile dysfunction include diminished testosterone levels, thyroid dysfunction, hyperprolactinemia, cardiovascular diseases, endocrine problems, and even the decrease in penile response to nitric oxide, the neurotransmitter responsible for the erection of the penis (LeMone, Burke, & Bauldoff, 2011). Another well-documented reason attributed to erectile dysfunction is prostatectomy. Prostatectomy involves the removal or resection of a portion of a prostate due to enlargement of the prostate or one of its lobes (Brunner, Smeltzer & Bare, 2010). Studies have established that one of the expected complications of prostatectomy, specifically radical prostatectomy, is erectile dysfunction. Such a complication is most attributed to the damage caused on nerves during the surgery involving the resection of the prostate. These damages can be attributed to actual physical trauma on the nerves involving penile erection, or to complications from the anesthetic used (Lewis, et al., 2011). Still, it must be acknowledged that almost all forms of prostatectomy, even those that aim to spare the nerves (i.e. laparoscopic and robot-assisted prostatectomy), lead to erectile dysfunction, although to varying degrees (Zippe, Nandipati, Agarwal, & Raina, 2006). Identifying problems The identified problems are lack of knowledge about the option treatments, emotional distress anxiety about performance, dissatisfaction, impaired self esteem which affect personal relationships, lack of support and understanding from other significant, spousal dissatisfaction and quality of life affected (Aversa et al, 200

Cancer Spotting Googles by Dr. Samuel Achilefu Essay

Cancer Spotting Googles by Dr. Samuel Achilefu - Essay Example He has helped in creating over 41 US issued patents that mainly relate to applications of imaging and he has authored many scientific publications. With his knowledge in different molecular imaging aspects and experiences in both industry and academia, Dr. Achilefu has offered a different aspect to the management of the Molecular Imaging centers excellence. With this overview, this article will centralize on the profile of Dr. Samuel Achilefu, and touch on the role he has played in applying change strategies that have introduced positive change in the medical field especially with the Cancer Spotting Goggles. Dr. Samuel Achilefu grew up in Ida, Nigeria. While he was still a child, his parents advised him that it was only through the pursuit of a higher education that he could possibly be able to make any visible impact on the world. Since his childhood he was attracted towards the more practical aspects of science, mainly how things worked. For a while, he actually believed that solving equations could actually address all the global problems. However, it was not until he studied biology and chemistry while in college that he realized that to have a chance of actually helping people, it was necessary for him to enter the laboratory. Currently, Dr. Achilefu manages a team of 35 researchers in his laboratory that are mainly devoted to extending the optical imaging boundaries to address the needs of molecular medicine in the current world. The broad definition of optical imaging can be described as the usage of light to be able to visualize an object. A simple microscope often used in laboratories in high school classes is an example of this optical imaging technique. The modern digital imaging system is also another example since it can detect a single molecule or cell that is within the cells. Even with the extensive availability of non-optical techniques like the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed