Anatomy and Physiology Ch. 1 Study Guide Essay Example for Free

Anatomy and Physiology Ch. 1 Study Guide EssayAnatomy the study of the appoint or structure and arrangement of proboscis parts and their relationships Physiology the study of the constituents of the imagey parts or structures and their relationships in maintaining life processes. Levels of Structural Organization The human body consists of take aims of structural organization that atomic number 18 associated with one another. There ar six levels of structural organizationI. chemical level It is the simplest level and it includes all of the chemical substances indwelling for maintaining life. These substances are made up of atoms. An atom is the smallest unit of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass. Atoms combine to form molecules, which may be simple or complex. diametric types of molecules combine to form oranelles (little organs). Organelles are specific structures that carry out specific snuff its. 2. cellular level The cell is the basic u nit of structure and function and of life. Cells vary in size, shape, and function and may contain many types of organelles.3. tissue level Tissues are groups of similar cells that perform a specific function.There are four major types of tissues in the human bodya. epithelial tissue It is effectuate lining body cavities and covers the surface of the body. It functions in protection, secretion, and excretion.b. connective tissue It is found on the surfaces of and in organs and tissues and functions in protection, support, and attaching organs and tissues to each other and to the walls of body cavities.c. muscle tissue It functions in the movement of body parts and organs, and in the movement of substances throughout the body.There are troika major types of muscle tissue(1)skeletal muscle It is found attached to andcovering bones and it functions in bodymovement.(2)cardiac muscle It is find in the heartwall and functions in the contraction andrelaxation of the heart as it be ats.(3)smooth muscle It is located in the walls of knowledgeable or visceral organs and it functions in moving substances throughout the body. d. nervous tissue It is located in the brain and spinal electric cord, and extends to unhomogeneous tissues and organs. It functions in transmitting electrical or nerve impulses from the external and internal environments to the brain and spinal cord where it is interpreted and a response occurs.4. organ level Organs are groups of two or more types oftissue working together to perform a specific function.5. organ system level sTstems are groups of organsthat work closely together to perform a common function.There are eleven organ systems in the human body6. organismic level It is the highest level of structuralorganization and it consists of groups of organ systems working together to maintain body structure and function. Organ systems work together to maintain an internal environment that is fairly constant, stable, or balanced. Th is is referred to as homeostasis (to stay the same). Changes do occur, but within very narrow ranges or limits.HomeostasisBody parts or structures function efficiently in maintaining metabolic processes and when the survival needs are within certain limits or optimum levels.The survival needs include water, oxyqen, nutrients, an appropriate bod temperature, and atmospheric pressure. Water is necessary for chemical reactions, excretion, and secretion.Oxyqen is required for many of the metabolic reactions that break down nutrients and provide energy. Nutrients provide energy for cells and cell processes. Bod temperature mustiness be maintained within a certain range for chemical reactions and cell processes to perform efficiently. If the body temperature falls as well as low or increases too high, chemical reactions will slow down or may stop. Atmospheric pressure is the force of air on the body surface by the tip of air. It is important in breathing and in the exchange of oxygen a nd carbon dioxide in the lungs. To maintain homeostasis there are control mechanisms. Control mechanisms consist of three partsi. receptor It responds to sensory stimuli from the internal and external environments. The information is sent along afferent pathways to the control center.2. control center It consists of the brain and spinal cord which interpret and analyze the information and determine an appropriate response. Information is then sent along efferent pathways to the effector.3. effector It consists of tissues, organs, or glands that perform a push response to the original stimulus that was received by the receptor. The response involves a feedback mechanism. If the response slows down or inhibit the stimulus it is a neqative feedback mechanism. If the response speeds up or enhances the stimulus, it is a positive feedback mechanism.Most control mechanisms for homeostasis in the human body are negative feedback mechanisms.

Ethical Perspectives in Business

honorable Perspectives in communication channelThere atomic number 18 m either approaches to morals. I allow for briefly abstraction two types of theoretical approach to morals and their implications principle-based approaches, and character and relationship-based approaches.Principle-based approaches to ethicsIt is important to understand this concept. This approach has often been based on two different respectable traditions Kantianism and utilitarianism. Immanual Kant, was a German philosopher (1724-1804) in the eighteenth-century. He developed a theory of ethics. His theory mainly focused on the ultimate principle of respect for the several(prenominal) person (Kant 1785/1964).This approach to ethics is fuckn as deontological or duty-based. It plays a vital role in moral philosophy and also in pro ethics. Persons are considered to study rational and self-determination it means they are capable of making choices and acting upon them. For deontological ethics, the impor tant thing isnt the impart or consequence of the action, just the action itself. If the action is wrong, in and of itself, and so dont do it.This approach mainly has its focus on respect of the service user and also that he stool make his own decisions. The main principles in this approach are to maintain confidentiality, obtain informed consent, no discrimination or offering misleading or false information. For Kant, it would be morally wrong to perform all action which is based on false information even though the leftover result is beneficial. According to this approach, we must all respect individuals choices.Utilitarianism, on the contrary, is a teleological theory. It is particularly associated with two British philosophers, Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) and John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) (Mill 1863/1972). Also known as the consequentialist theory of ethics. The main difference lies in the concept and it is in striking contrast as compared to the Kantian ethics. The moral wo rth ( disciplineness or wrongness) of an action is utter to lie in its consequences hence if we wear to decide if an action is right or wrong, we beat to weigh pros and cons and also anticipate. According to this concept, if lying leads to good results, it would credibly be good to lie. This theory relies on the fact that whether something is right or wrong depends on the result or end of that action. Theories that are interested in ends are called teleological. The name has originated from the Greek word for end telos. For a teleological estimable thinker, the end justifies the means. The believers of this theory argue that the rightness of an action is judged by the end it produces.In my opinion, mountain consider both types of honourable principles in making decisions. We have to make a judgment that ensures that we are looking at individuals outstrip interest or the welfare of the society at a bigger scale.Absolute and relative ethicsAbsolute ethics holds that there is o ne widely distri aloneed moral label which is final and applies equally to all men of all ages, and that changing situations or changing views make no difference whatsoever to this haughty moral code. Relative or relativistic ethics holds that the moral standard varies with different circumstances. There are so many cultural and religious differences and in some circumsatnces, it may be ethically correct to do original things but in other situations it might be completely immoral. For example it is right for Muslim people to have four wives but for a Christian man this would be considered immoral.Examples of ethical issues which tramp affect the operational activities of a business.The advantages of ethical behaviour includeHigher revenues demand from positive consumer support. This impart also lead to improved brand and business awareness and recognition. If the business in cart track in an ethical manner, it would also lead to better employee motivation and recruitment. An d finally the business will grow because of new sources of finance.But sometimes the situation is trying and there are some ethical issues faced. It fecal matter be difficult to decide as to what is right and what is wrong.Certain examples areUse of child take away the picture and forced labour It is against the law to use children for work or to employ someone to work for you against his or her will. They might need the money but it is unethical. level(p) if the child or his parents agree and provide their consent, it is unethical and illegal to use child labour and do forced labour.Production in sweatshops is also unethical. Sweatshop is a factory or production place where the working environment considered to be unacceptably difficult or dangerous.Employee Working Conditions employers must be aware of the gumshoe of their work environment and must make sure that they pay their employees adequately. An employee should hold in ethics into consideration while giving a very di fficult labor movement or asking an employee to stay for long hours outside the working times.Violation of the basic rights of workers All workers have the basic rights. Everyone is entitled to a break when they have worked continuously for long hours. Even if there is a deadline to meet or there is lot of work to be completed, we must ensure that the basic rights are provided to all the workers.Ignoring health, safety and environmental standards Sometimes due to financial restraints the employer is not able to cater for the health and safety and it doesnt meet the required standards. There is no excuse for this type of behaviour. This would be considered unethical.Employee behavior This can be a matter of debate. Should an employer allow his employees to read their personal emails at work? If the employee makes any boot of harassment at work, how will the manager deal with it? These are few examples of ethical issues regarding employee behavior.Supplier/Customer Relations must co nsider whether it is ethical to do business with other business workers who have unethical practices.ReferencesEthical Studies Second Edition, Bob Bowie, Robert Bowie, Edition 2, illustrated, Publisher Nelson Thornes, 2004Ethical Issues in Youth Work, Professional ethics, Sarah Banks, Taylor Francis, 2010Ethical Issues in Business Inquiries, Cases, and Readings, Peg Tittle, Broadview Press, 2000Current Issues in Business Ethics, Peter W. F. Davies, Routledge, 1997Task 2 discipline Outcome 2 (750 Words)What is an objective? Explain how the objectives of a business can be affected by ethical considerationsAn objective can be described as particular future state of things to be achieved by the business. This could be described as a in demand(p) destination or result. In business, it is usually expressed in terms of profit.There can be business or long term objectives and functional or short term objectives.Market standing, productivity, innovation, financial imagerys, profitabilit y, manager or other workers motion and also public and social province will be the business or long term objectives.While profit, customer orientation, survival and growth, increase in the sales, increase in the market share and efficiency are all functional or short term objectives.How far the family or a business will go to achieve these objectives varies from one business to the other. There are so many legal and ethical issues to be aware of. For example, the company wants to grow and make more profits. They have found a defect in the product they are selling but people are acquire it and have had no complaints so far. It is against the moral and ethics to keep selling that product.Another example can be if a business is providing expert facilitate like consultation to the public. If the person is not adequately trained and not authorised to provide that protagonist, this is also unethical. This may be bringing in the desired profits and also the company is booming with cl ients. But is the employers responsibility to understand that this conduct is against the ethics.Examples of a range of business stakeholders and how to promote ethical behavior in respect of these stakeholders.Stakeholder groups vary both in terms of their interest in the business activities and also their power to influence business decisions.Shareholders are important as their interests would be profit growth, share price growth, dividends. They have the power to elect the directors. It might be a practice to keep them happy with materialistic gifts and rewards but it is unethical and a good business should be staying away from such practices.Banks other lenders are important as stakeholders. They help the business by providing the money. We have to take into account the ethical consideration while dealing with the banks and other lenders. There job is to see thet interest and principal to be repaid, maintain credit rating rating. They can enforce loan covenants and withdraw ba nking facilities.Directors and managers as stakeholders have important role to play. They deal with salary, share options and job satisfaction. They also make decisions, have enlarge information about the company.Employees are a big part of the group as stakeholders. To promote ethical behaviour, salaries wages, job security, job satisfaction motivation should be appropriate. If it is ethical, the result would be good turnover, industrial action and better service quality.Suppliers would be interested in long term contracts, prompt payment, and growth of purchasing. We should take ethics into consideration while deciding pricing, quality, product availabilityCustomers play indispensable part as stakeholders. They will always expect reliable quality, rank for money, product availability and customer service. This is when ethics come into play. Many businesses will go to any limit to please their customers because they will generate revenue. If the customers are happy, they will s pread word of mouth recommendation.Community is also important as a stakeholder. Business people must ensure that the business is safe and is in accordance with health and safety rules and regulations. It is unethical to run a business which does not comply with these rules. Environment has to be safe. A business should generate local anesthetic jobs which will help to provide employment to the people in the area.Government is also a stakeholder as the higher authorities will make the laws and these must be followed at all times by the business people.For establishing an ethical standard for business it is important that we have more than just a written insurance. So that we can ensure that ethical standard is being met, we must comply with adherence to and enforcement of that standard by everyone. That includes who have written the policies and who run the business. more than long written documents and policies handed out to every single employee, our behavior, practices, and dee ds are the foundation for creating an ethical standard.ReferencesMarketing Plans How to Prepare Them, How to Use Them, Malcolm McDonald, Hugh Wilson, John Wiley Sons, 2011 induction to Travel and Tourism Marketing, J. Alf Bennett, J.W. Strydom, J.A. Bennett, Juta and Company Ltd, 2001Give examples of a range of business stakeholders. What can businesses do to promote ethical behavior in respect of these stakeholders? interchange 3 Learning Outcome 3 (750 Words)A moral agent and is it true to say that a business is a moral agent?A moral agent is a being that is capable of acting with reference to right and wrong. We can also describe moral agent as anything that can be held responsible for behavior or decisions. Moral agents have rights and responsibilities. If we do not believe that anything or anyone should ever be blamed or has the responsibility, then we are going against the concept of moral agency, and not accepting the concept of responsibilities and rights.A moral agent mus t be a living creature, as they must be able to understand the basic moral principles and use them to make decisions. They must have self-consciousness, ability to memorize, moral principles, values and the ability for logical thinking and making judgments.In my opinion, increasingly, businesses are being seen not just as profit making entities but also as moral agents. They are accountable for their conduct to the employees, customers, investors and suppliers. Companies are chartered as citizens of the state or the nation so they have the same responsibilities and rights as individuals. Society holds the companies accountable for the behavior of their employees. When certain business advertises about them, they refer to benefits, compensation or competitive practices they earn a reputation as a moral agent. Companies are required to come after rules and regulations that define acceptable business conduct.Though obviously not a person, a business can be considered as a societal mor al agent. If a business is not run ethically, it could face huge penalties or fines from the regulatory bodies.Businesses to get their employees mired and empowered in relation to the ethical exertion of the business.Businesses should endeavor to get their employees involved, especially in relation to the ethical performance of the business.Employee sake and participation are aimed at raising employees performance and commitment. There should be nice policies outlined for each business and all the employees should be well aware of those policies and guidelines. Each individual in the company should have clear understanding of their roles and therefore be able to work ethically.There should be frequent meetings and discussions between the employer and the employees. Any issues which are unreadable or employees are in question about their role in ethical consideration they should be able to get help at all times. Full training should be provided to people so that their role in th e business is clear and they know what defines their job roles.In order for the business to perform well and maintains high ethical standards, employees should be fully involved. This task should not be limited to one or few individuals but it necessitates teamwork. Each employee should be the part of the team which is working towards the normal goal of a profitable business but not at the cost of ethics.Recent business scandals have drawn public attention toward the ethics of businesses. Although investigateers have shown a small correlation between the ethical activities and firm financial performance, its not clear how the process works. When individuals see their company is maintaining higher ethical standards, they become more committed to the company. This commitment in turns starts organizational citizenship behaviors toward other employees, and these behaviors in turn gradually lead to better financial performance.The level of an individuals involvement with his or her emp loyer is the strongest mechanism by which business ethics leads to financial rewards. When a company produces and adheres to strong ethical guidelines, this offers employees a clear idea of whats expected of them on the job. Less job ambiguity leads to greater productivity.Employees should help each other. Employees going above and beyond their job descriptions to help each other, such as lot others who are behind on their work-is one of the main process that will lead to good productivity. This type of behaviour proves beneficial as it means appoint activities get done, regardless of whos doing them.We must use a code of ethics and guidelines in accordance with legal and professional standards in addition to human resource practices such as ethics training. Employer should always be patient and calm. They must realise that some of the new employees will take some time to get adjusted to the new environment. After full training, they will all be working towards the common goal of financial success. So it is vital that employees get involved and empowered in relation to the ethical performance of the business.ReferencesBusiness Ethics Ethical Decision Making Cases, O. C. Ferrell, John Fraedrich, Ferrell, Cengage Learning, 2012Ethical Issues in Contemporary homophile Resource Management, Diana Winstanley, Jean Woodall, Palgrave Macmillan, 2000Task 4 Learning Outcome 4 (1250words)Choose an ethical issue which currently affects business of your choice. Do some research on this and explain it. How do you think the business you have chosen could improve the ethics of its operations whilst meeting objectives and ensuring good employer/employee relationships?The business I have chosen is a private learning centre or an academy. This academy offers many vocational courses to different students. The centre is not working ethically. They get to know the question papers well in advance and they offer help to the students during their final exams. Students are not com plaining because they are getting excellent results because of the help being provided. One other main cause for ethical consideration is that the teachers are not fully commensurate to be able to deliver the courses.Business is running successfully and also making lot of money. It is easy to attract lots of students who want to pass their exam in an easy manner without any hard work involved.Under qualified teachers are charging less money to the employer so in this situation, the employer, employee and the service users are all happy.But let us discuss this by taking ethics into consideration. For example a student has done first aid course and now he is the proud owner of a certificate too. But the main question is that will be able to handle the situation in case of an emergency.To improve the ethics of its operations and also ensure that the centre is meeting objectives and ensuring good employer/employee relationship, a lot inevitably to be done at the centre. Employer must realise that this is unethical. Exams should be held in strict conditions and no help should be offered to the students at all. It is unethical and against the law. If any inspection agency knows about it the whole business could face serious charges and insecurity closure. Then the students future would also suffer.This business could improve a lot by considering each aspect of their business ethically. Offering help to the students and employing under qualified teachers is against the law. This will not lead to brighter students. And this private company is not doing any good. These serious issues need to be considered and thought over and strict action needs to be taken against this company.Teachers should be fully qualified and suitably trained. The exams should be held in a transparent manner with no help provided. Practice classes should be offered to the students, if needed. If the students can afford, they should be offered help with their syllabus and practice sessions.Wh at is a code of ethics? Design a suitable ethical code for an organization of your choice.A business should recognize its obligation to set and uphold the highest standards of professionalism, and to promote ethical behaviour, attitudes and judgments.Code of ethics should focus on multiple relationships where the employer owes an allegiance to different stakeholders ad hominem relationships should be adequately emphasized in code of ethics- where the employer infringes or violates the trust of a client or clientsCode of ethics should clearly mention unclear or inadequate standards of practice where the the emplyer is unaware of or disregards the current systems in use by peers or others in similar work.Breaches of confidentiality should definitely be luxuriant where rules and constraints were broken or not clarified in advance with stakeholdersCompetence where excessive or misleading claims are made or where inadequate safeguards and supervise exist for new areas of work these must form an essential part of the code of ethics.I have designed a suitable code of ethics for a company called alphabet Learning academy. It is a private institute which provides vocational courses to the students. Mostly adult learners and the staff constitute of director, board members, managers, teachers, administrators, cleaners and helpers. This code of ethics would guide the staff members in times of difficulty and lays a strong foundation of ethics which need to be considered while making any decisions at workplace.ConductPersonal behaviour it is expected that all staff members will forge ethically and integrity, in the best interests of ABC Learning Academy at all timesTake individual responsibility to contribute actively to maintain adequate teaching and administrative standards.Honesty is the best policy at all times,Position should not be used inappropriately to influence or discriminate amongst the employees.Must comply with at least 75% attendanceIn case of any do ubt, always ask for help from your colleagues or senior members of the staff,Take decisions fairly and promptly, considering all available information, legislation, policies and procedures, be unbiased at all timesTreat colleagues with respect, courtesy, honesty and fairnessnot to discriminate against colleagues, members of the public and/or employees not to harass or bully anyone. These matters would be dealt seriouslyhave proper regard for colleagues interests, rights, safety and welfare,professional workplace relationships to maintain harmonious, safe and productive environmentConflicts of interest it is expected that staff members willNot disclose any personal or business interests at ABC Learning AcademyEnsure personal or financial interests do not affect their ability to take ethical decisions at work,Not allow personal or financial interests, or the interests of any associated person, to conflict with the interests of ABC Learning Academy.Manage and declare any conflict bet ween their personal and public duty andWhere conflicts of interest do arise, public interest should be the priority. communication and official information it is expected that staff members willCommunicate amongst them so that there are no gaps in information available about students and their data.Not disclose official information or documents like students records, assignments, individual learning plans, other than as required by law or where agreed by decision of the boardNot make any unauthorised public statements regarding the business of ABC Learning AcademySupport, adhere to and not contradict the semiformal decisions of the final decisions made by ABC Learning Academy.Respect the confidentiality and privacy of all information of students and staff.Use of public resources it is expected that board members willAct in a financially responsible manner, use judgment to analyse financial reports, audit reports and other financial material that comes before the ABC Learning Acad emy andEnsure the efficient use of publicly-funded resources, including office facilities and equipment, vehicles, transport, ABC Learning Academy credit cards.In addition, staff members must commit toUnderstand their responsibility to report any happenings of misconduct which they may be suspicious of or aware of,Taking responsibility for contributing in a constructive, respectful and glowing way to enhance good management and the reputation of the board of ABC Learning Academy.Research issues including fake data, inability to obtain consent, or not acknowledging somebodys put in of work.Health problems should be reported adequately because they can have significant impact on the work efficiency.

Victims of Bullying

Victims of blustering(a)Victims of BullyingSchools offer more than educational opportunities they offer many opportunities for social interaction for youth. These social opportunities also offer many opportunities for children to render victims of bully. In the last ten years, there has been a dramatic rise of research on bullying in the United States. This research has been spurred by go along extreme school violence where the perpetrators of the violence had been victims of bullying.Bullying encompasses a range of various aggressive behaviors, which ar targeted at an identified victim (Espalage, 2002). It is differentiated from struggle because it involves an imbalance in strength such that the respective(prenominal) targeted has difficulty defending him or herself. Bullying has been a common obstacle of childishness for many generations (Olweus, 1995). some(prenominal) people believe that bullying is a natural part of growing up that does not cause serious harm but help to streng then children up (Pianta Walsh, 1995). On the other(a) hand, extensive research in this bea has identified consequences for the victims of bulling (Olweus, 1995). on that point go through been many high profile cases of victims of bullying who control retaliated by horrific school shootings (Kumpula manpower, Rasanen, Puura, 2001). A number of recent studies have investigated the immediate and short-term effects of peer victimization (Espelage, 2002 Espelage Swearer, 2003 Nansel, Overpeck, Pilla, Ruan, Simons-Morton, Scheidt, 2001). Rejection from a peer mathematical group has been linked to adverse psychological and physical consequences (Kumpulamen et al., 2001). Victims have been noted to be at risk for increased levels of depression, anxiety, and psychosomatic symptoms (Nansel et al., 2001). School avoidance and feelings of isolation are common among victims. Furthermore, it has been reported that these victims of bullying are developing post-traumatic stres s disorder (Kumpulamen et al., 2001). This reveals the detrimental clash that peer rejection may have on youth and the immenseness of more research on the long-term impact bullying has on victims.The media has portrayed bullies and nerds or geeks in numerous films, thus bringing awareness of childhood social hierarchies and the desire to be accepted as part of a group. The nerds are social outcast who are commonly victimized by their peers and lots blamed for not innovation tough enough. Recent research and pop culture movies like Mean Girls have brought more attention to girls and their bullying behaviors. there is limited research on the prevalence and effects bullying has on girls (Brinson, 2005).Many bullies experience mental health difficulties. One assume effectuate that third base of bullies have attention-deficit disorder, 12.5% were suffering from depression, and 12.5% had oppositional-conduct disorder (Kumpulamen et al., 2001). Bullies then in turn take out their frustrations on someone the see as weaker than them. These bullies are also pursuance to impress their peers. The rejection felt by the victim can have a direct impact on their lives.Several authors suggest that youth who are continually victimized may be at risk for abjecter psychological functioning as adults (Espelage, 2002 Nansel et al., 2001). There has not been much research in this particular area. minor is known about how these victims function as adults. Research suggest that adolescents do not simply grow out of activated problems with age, which implies that youth who have poor social skills may continue to experience difficulty in their area of maintaining relationships as adults (Nansel et al., 2001). Espelage (2002) found that many victims of bullying continue to think about their experiences of cosmos bullied and recall painful memories well into adulthood.Depression and suicidal ideation have been found to be common outcomes of being bullied for both boys and gi rls. Bullies themselves have been prone to depression (Espelage, 2002). Bullying behaviors has similarly been found to transfer from the classroom to the streets, male bullies having been found to be seventeen times more likely to be frequently violent extraneous of the classroom and female bullies over one hundred times more likely to be frequently violent on the streets (Brinson, 2005). Longitudinal research has found that bullying and aggressive behavior were identified as being characteristics of those students who later became involved in criminal behavior (Nansel et al., 2001).Statement of ProblemThere have been limited mixed-methods studies on the phenomenon of bullying (Espelage Swearer, 2003). There has been no research that has attempted to explore the long term effects of bullying on individuals who have experience it. This study will use a mixed-methods approach to explore both the long term effects of bullying on individuals that were bullied in their youth.Statement of markThe purpose of this concurrent, mixed methods study is to explore and generate themes about the long term effects bullying, that occurred in childhood, has on men and women. The quantitative research questions will address the prevalence of bullying between male and female participants that they encountered at school when they were in their teens. Qualitative open-ended questions will be used to try significant resilience factors by exploring aspects of the bullying experiences and how they impacted the persons adult life.Theoretical FrameworkSeveral theories have sought to explain the existence of bullying behavior. Some developmental theorists perceive bullying as a childs attempt to generate social dominance over other children. This dominance is established through developmentally appropriate actions in the early years, when children lack complex social skills, they bully using physical means. As these heart-to-heart acts are punished by disciplinarians, and as child ren develop a larger repertoire of verbal language, bullying becomes more verbal in nature. Finally, when children gain the skills to construe and participate in intricate social relationships, they begin to use these relationships as a more covert type of bullying in order to establish power and social dominance (Smith, 2001).Resilience theory is defines as a persons big businessman to cope or adapt to stressful situations. In different environments, resilience can have different meanings. In a high crime neighborhood, resilience could mean just surviving unscathed from the violence. This is having the ability to overcome a challenging set of circumstances with success. Studies in resilience theory demonstrate that resilient individuals are those who grow and develop as a result of trauma. Rather than being stunted by life difficulties, they recover from the traumatic events with an increased sense of empathy, enhanced coping skills. (Pianta Walsh, 1998).Peer rejection theory pr ovides an classic context for socialization that fosters social skills that children learn and use through out their lives. Rejection theory is based on the premise that children that are rejected by their peers are not given the same opportunities to socialize and develop socialization skills. This further distances them from their peers (Cole Gillenssen, 1993).Life course perspective is an appropriate lens to use when reviewing bullying and the subsequently effects it has on the victims of it. Research has shown that bullying can cause victims to have varying degrees of posttraumatic stress syndrome (Houbre et al., 2006). Elder (1998) researched the social pathways in the life course. This research revealed that individuals lives are influenced by their ever-changing effects of their experiences.Research Questions/ zilch HypothesisResearch Question 1How are men and women impacted by the bullying they encountered as youth?Null Hypothesis 1There will be no statistical significant difference in how men and women are impacted by bullying that they encountered as youth as measured by the Revised Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire.Research Question 2How did bullying as a youth affect men?Null Hypothesis 2There will be no evidence that being bullied in their youth will have an impact on their adult lives as men.Research Question 3How did bullying as a youth affect women?Null Hypothesis 3There will be no evidence that being bullied in their youth will have an impact on their adult lives as women.Research Question 4What are the implications in their current life that they feel resulted from the bullying they encountered as youth?Null Hypothesis 4There will be no statistically significant evidence of implications in their current life that were a result from bullying that they encountered as youth.Research Question 5How do they feel their bullying experiences impacts their ability to socialize with people now?Null Hypothesis 5There will be no evidence that bullying experiences in their past will impact an adults ability to socialize with other people. exposition of TermsBully/victims individuals who both bully others and are victims of bullying (Espelage Swearer, 2003).Bullying aggressive behavior that occurs repeatedly over time and includes both physical and emotional acts that are directed towards another individual with the intent to inflict harm or discomfort (Olweus, 1993).Bystander individual who observes a bullying incident (Olweus, 1993).Emotional Scarring the association of negative feelings with the recollection of painful memories of being bullied (Espelage, 2002).Peer an individual belonging to the same groups based on age, grade, and status (Olweus, 1993).Victim of Bullying an individual who is undetermined repeatedly over time to aggressive behavior that is inflicted by his peers with the intent to cause harm or discomfort (Espelage, 2002 Olweus, 1993).AssumptionsThe assumptions made about the participants in this study are t hat they are of sound mind to participate in this study.The assumptions made that all of the participants will answer the web survey honestly.The assumptions made that all of the participants were bullied in their youth.DelimitationsThe research recognizes the following delimitations for the studyThe sample size will be dependent of the amount of people who respond to the email of inquiry at this study. every last(predicate) respondents are mentally competent to answer the questions in the online survey.The participants have the potential to be spread out across the United States.LimitationsQuantitative research looks for generalizability of the research findings to the larger population (Crestwell, 2005). Generalizability is not as important to qualitative research that is seeking to explore a phenomenon and the impact it has. If more men respond then women to this survey, then it would not be an equally distributed sample. Socio-economic status is not asked in this study.

Three Criteria Of A Good Political Leader Politics Essay

Three Criteria Of A Good Political Leader Politics EssayIn political intelligence and history, there are trio criteria used to determine what makes for a great, good or a successful political die harder. The three criteria are responding to crisis, utilizing the office for leadership and good prevalent policies. Responding to crisis, which can too be termed as crisis management, is a process that deals with responding to an events that threaten to harm a confederacy or constituent where i is in charge. In a crisis, there is usu all in ally a cause of threat or insecurity that happens abruptly and impulsively and implores a short prison term to make a decision and there is usually need for change since the old system seemed to have snapped.There are various types of crisis that can smasher a nation or a constituent and these include Natural disasters which is considered an suffice of God, and occurs in the forms of earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tornadoes, hurricanes, fl oods, droughts, storms and tsunami. There is as well as confrontation crisis which occurs when an unhappy conference of people fight the government to gain acceptance of their expectations. It takes the form of boycotts, strikes, and issuance of ultimatum to an office occupant. Other forms of crisis that can cause disturbance in a society include technological crisis, crisis of malevolence and rumors.As a chairwoman of a nation, the repartee angiotensin-converting enzyme give to a crisis really matters. It is a measure of how untold the president cares for his or her subjects. It is important for the president to always give a statement or be there in person in response to any sort of crisis.The second criteria involves utilizing the office for leadership. Leadership is a social influence where one requires the support of others to accomplish a common goal. This goal, vision or dream is suppose to bring change to the people being governed and it is not to be self centered or ha ve any form of egocentric interest for the leader. As a political leader, the main focus of ones vision should be the common civilian and tax payers who entrusts one and gives them the mandate to guide them and lead them.The office of leadership should be treated with honor, respect and integrity and should not be used to enrich oneself by fleasing money.The third and last criteria is good public policies. Public policies entails a course of action or a position taken by the leadership of government concerning a specific produce. These issues may present from global issues to issues of state interest. For instance, matters concerning global warming and the environment are very crucial and it is important for a government or the head of government to place up with policies handling this issue pretty well.Apart from George Washington, Abraham Lincoln, Theodore Roosevelt, Franklin D. Roosevelt, there were also other presidents in the US that were considered great, good and successf ul since they measured up to the three criteria discussed above of a good leader of a nation. Andrew Jackson, the seventh president of the US got into power with such force that a time period was named after him. He brought to an end years of what many Americans including himself, considered to be an elitist government. He was known to have engaged the people in matters of national interest and made them be like the executive branch in the process. in advance him, president seemed to be working with the congress so as to shape the national agenda. Jackson was against the issue of having a big government, and he disliked debt. These two issues that are mainly accredited to Jackson, made him the only American president to clearly off all national debt. During his tenure, he ejected all the Indians living east of the Mississippi what is now called Oklahoma. This resulted into the Indian Removal Act of 1830. He eventually placed the millions of acres that became gratis(p) for developm ent. Though he was not all round perfect, but his policies had a common good for the American civilian.Another example of a successful American president is jam Knox Polk. His biggest accomplishment was when he acquired the state of Texas, the second largest land in America. When he came into power, Texas became part of the union of states and this increased the boundaries of America to the Rio Grande. He was also able to reduce tariffs and he established treasury systems that are independent. He was able to achieve everything he wanted in one term. He utilize well the office for leadership and he had good public policies.Among the least successful and weak presidents of the US and who did not measure up to these three criteria is James Buchanan. He had bad public policies that were racial in nature and particularly discriminated on people of African decent. He was caught stating that slavery was an issue of little matter-of-fact importance. Whether or not they were slaves, black s could never be citizens of th US and the congress had no authority to prohibit slavery in federal territories.Millard Fillmore, is also considered one of the worst presidents of the US because of his policies and style of leadership that saw him sign into law of nature the Fugitive Slavery Act that sought to force the authorities in turn states to return fugitive slaves to their masters. He got into power after the death of President Taylor and changed Taylors entire cabinet with individuals known to be favorable to the compromise efforts.Question 2Taft was for the view of a limited presidential powers. And he said, the true view of the executive functions is, as I conceive it, that the president can exercise no power which cannot be fairly and reasonably traced to some specific establish of power or fullly implied and included within such express grant as proper and necessary to its exercise. Such specific grant must be either in the federal Constitution or in an act of Congr ess passed in pursuance thereof.. While on the other hand, Theodore Roosevelt, was for the view of stretching presidential powers to affect other nations that were mostly depending on the US for support. He is said to be the foundation for the repeated United States intervention in the governing of countries in, or bordering on, the Caribbean. Roosevelts scope for presidential powers was suppose to stretch to bordering and other countries. This insurance is seen to have taken effect currently. The position of the president of the United States of America on any issue is highly sort for and also influences other nations greatly. Roosevelt also believed in presidential prerogative power, the ability to do anything not prohibited by the Constitution or statute.Of the presidents cited in question 1 above, James Buchanan would be more likely to side with president Roosevelt view of a stretched presidential power to other nations. While president James Knox would appear to agree with pres ident Taft for a limited presidential power.Question 3President Abraham Lincoln viewed that the presidential powers are not limited by the constitution in cases that require quick and decisive measures. He is highly accredited for the American Civil War that brought freedom to many slaves in the US. Using the clause of the constitution that makes him commandant in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several states, he made use of these powers to go out of the constitution. He argued that this clause gave him the duty to do whatever he wants and whatever is right bring down the enemy. Most of the orders he issued to the Army and state militia was done without the consent of the congress. Before the congress could convene and discuss the way forward, the army was already on a mission to complete an assignment. He allocated money for the federal government in advance engaging in any consultation with the congress. And all these ha did with the justification of the clause in the constitution that made him commander in chief of the gird Forces.There are various circumstances that can cause a president to act unconstitutional at the same the actions be justified just like in the case of Abraham Lincoln. When it is necessary for the president to make snap and quick decision like concerning a war then the rule of law can be disregarded. However such actions may lead to unforeseen problems that may eventually manifest in the future.

Bladder Epithelium Essay -- Health, Diseases, Biopsy of the Bladder

Researchers believe that normal repair of the epithelial lining of the vesica does not occur in patients who develop IC (ARHP, 2008). One theory proposes that the bladder epithelium or lining of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) is damaged due to bladder defacement and exposes the sensory nerves to irritants and triggers a noxious sensation. The damaged epithelium allows absorption of potassium and urea into the bladder wall (Klutke & Klutke, 2008). The damaged epithelium may convey to mast cell activation and the release of histamine. It is proposed that vasoactive, nociceptive, and proinflammatory molecules released from mast cells create neuronal sensitization and emit neurotransmitters that continue to stimulate the mast cells in the bladder and play an important manipulation in the degenerative and painful symptoms of IC (Sant, Kempuraj, Marchand, & Theoharides, 2006). There may be a possibility that heredity may play a part in some forms of IC. In a few cases, IC has affect ed a mother and a daughter or two sisters, but it is not normally familial (Clemens, Joyce, Wise, & Payne, 2007). Data has also shown that patients with IC have a higher incidence of certain immunological or allergic conditions. These conditions include allergies, irritable catgut syndrome, sensitive skin, vulvodynia, fibromyalgia, and migraine headaches (ARHP, 2008). Interstitial cystitis is divided into two categories ulcerative or classic and nonulcerative or Messing-Stamey types. The classic or ulcerative type clinically presents with a diffusely reddened appearance to the bladder surface epithelium associated with one or more ulcerative patches surrounded by mucosal congestion. The ulcers are called Hunner ulcers. Hunner ulcer upon cystoscopic examination is the ... ...nage this condition the patient must maintain a relationship with her primary care provider, be diligent with tracking her symptoms and managing her diet and medications (ARHP, 2008). Differential diagnos is The ARHP suggest that the differential diagnosis of IC include other causes of pelvic pain and urinary complaints. These include urinary tract infections, overactive bladder, gynecological chronic pelvic pain, endometriosis, and bladder carcinoma. The effects of certain drugs may also cause these symptoms. These drugs include cyclophosphamide, aspirin, NSAIDs, and allopurinol (ARHP, 2008). These need to be excluded as part of the diagnostic process. revaluation of LiteratureSeveral research articles have been reviewed in order to identify the most recent evidence based practice techniques for diagnosing and managing patients with interstitial cystitis.

Essay --

Forrest Gump was written by Eric Roth and stars Tom Hanks in the lead role. The movie portrays the emotional state of a man (Forrest Gump). With an IQ of 75, he goes through everyday life and changing the world roughly him without even realizing. The life of Forrest takes place in the States from the 60s all the way up to the 90s.Through his journey he meets various people from presidents to musicians which he influences along with the people around him. He becomes a media icon, and also influences very critical historical events. He does many things throughout the film but due to his mental state he is totally unaware of his impact on the world. During the rest of the film Forrest meets a few individuals all striving for personal dreams and trying to find something bigger than themselves to attain meaning to their lives. He meets a military lieutenant whose goal is to follow the footsteps of family members who died as heroes in war, another soldier who dreams of opening a shrimp billet and the love of his life Jenny who longs to be famous and touch the lives of others. Sadly, the dreams of those around him end in despair. Meanwhile the main character achieves this success that everyone else wishes fro without even realizing it or caring for that matter. The film is a great display of represententialism and the point that we must create our admit meaning to life. I dont grapple if we each have a destiny or were all just floating accidental-like in the breeze. Is one of the quotes by Forrest that attempts to address the topic of whether things in life happen because of destiny or chance? All the incidents that happen to Forrest during the movie all turn out better in the end. For example, him having to wear degree braces meant he was also teased by ... ...and Forrest on the ship where he decides to make peace with God by throwing himself in the water as a sign of baptism. That is where he realizes and accepts life as something worthy to live, not heroi c death. From there questions arise such as Does God really exist or is he just an unproven belief? Forrest is asked by Dan if he has found Jesus and his reply is I didnt know I was sibylline to be sounding for him. So if God really did exist and we needed to be saved by him shouldnt we know we needed to be looking for him? Sarte would say the chance and God would ultimately cancel each other out and leave us with the decision to do what we believe is right creating your own destiny.The movie doesnt only cover a lot on existentialism, but does a fantastic job of encouraging people to stray remote from the bigger picture and add value to the littler picures.

Hiroshima :: essays research papers

The biggest and bloodiest war ever fought on the face of the earth, World War II, was coming to a deadly end. The confederate forces were starting to run out of options and resources. The United States of America decided to unleash the most destructive force they had, the power of the atom. Many supporters of the Atomic Bomb regularize that even though it killed thousands in Japan, it saved millions more everywhere else.For the number of supporters of the neglect there were that many more skeptics that believed the atom bomb would never work. both(prenominal) reasons that contributed to this theory were that it was so complex that someone working on it do a mis commence somewhere. unmatchable of the major skeptics of the atomic bomb was Albert Einstein himself, which made many more people become skeptical. (Hiroshima 1998)The pilot that dropped the atomic bomb was Colonel Paul Tibbets of the 509th Bomber squadron (James Chan Hiroshima 1997) and he was flying the Enola Gay, whi ch was named after his mother and was a B-29-45-MD overseer fortress. (Peter Wyden Day One 1984)It was 245 A.M. when the Enola Gay took off, after it got going it was flying at a ground speed of 330 M.P.H. The flight was going to take six and a half hours until they reached Hiroshima on the Honshu Island on Japan (U.S. National Archives Hiroshima 1999). Even though the crew knew their destination, Hiroshima, their target, the iota T-bridge, and that they were dropping a bomb, they didnt know that it was an atomic bomb that would take out almost the entire city. (Peter Wyden Day One 1984)The name of the Bomb was named the Little Boy and it weighed 10,000 lbs. 137.5 of that was pure Uranium. When the bomb detonated the Uranium split into two and it started a fission chain reaction (Hiroshima 1998). The fireball created by the bomb was equal to six and a half heaps of TNT. The heat in the hypocenter reached upwards to 3000 degrees Celsius (James Chan Hiroshima 1997). Within a mile of the blast fences, railroad ties and trees ignited from the heat. In the hypocenter iron melted and 900 feet from the hypocenter granite melted (Peter Wyden Day One 1984). The bomb was detonated at approximately 915 a.m. on August 6, 1945. Seen from five and a half miles away the explosion was 10 times as bright as the sun (James Chan Hiroshima 1997).